Hosni Mubarak waved to the courtroom from inside a large cage
The retrial of deposed Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak on corruption and conspiracy charges has begun in the capital, Cairo.
Mr Mubarak was convicted last June of conspiring to kill protesters during the 2011 revolt that ended his rule.
But a retrial was ordered in January after a court accepted his appeal against his life sentence, citing procedural irregularities.
About 850 people were killed in the 2011 crackdown.
Mr Mubarak, 84, is in poor health and currently being held in a military hospital in Cairo.
On Saturday, he was flown by helicopter to the courthouse at a police academy on the outskirts of Cairo.
State TV showed him being wheeled into the building on a stretcher, wearing a white outfit. Wearing dark glasses and with an intravenous cannula on his hand, he later waved to the courtroom from inside a cage.
His first trial, at which he also appeared on a stretcher, lasted 10 months.
Two sons of the former leader, former interior minister Habib al-Adly and six aides will also be re-tried, facing the same charges as before.
Al-Adly was sentenced to life last year for contributing to the killing of protesters, and for five and 12 years for corruption charges.
Mr Mubarak's sons, Gamal and Alaa, will be retried on corruption charges for which they were acquitted in June, because of the expiry of a statute of limitations.
The former president was also found not guilty of corruption.
Businessman Hussein Salem, a close associated of Mubarak, is being retried in his absence - he went to Spain after being cleared of fraud in his first trial.
'No influence'
The 18-day uprising in 2011 ended Mubarak's 29-year rule of Egypt.
Families of protesters who died in the crackdown were disappointed that the former president was not convicted of ordering the killings.
There was also been anger among some that he has not faced trial for abuses allegedly committed earlier in his rule.
But the BBC's Alem Maqbool says news of the retrial has been overshadowed by the political instability and insecurity which followed the revolution.
One man in Cairo who gave his name as Ahmed said the retrial was no longer the pressing issue for Egypt.
"What we care about now is how to make the country develop better," he told the Associated Press news agency.
"Mubarak no longer has any influence on our economy. The most important thing we should do now is to help industries recover."
Another man, Ashraf, told AP that if the trial was being seen as unimportant "it's because they are now in a very bad situation economically. The most important thing right now for Egyptians is how they can work and live".
Deaths during the uprising were largely blamed on the police at the time, but last week a report was leaked which implicated the army in serious human rights abuses at the time, including the killing and torture of protesters.
The leaked chapter, reportedly presented to President Mohammed Morsi late last year, contains testimony relating to civilians detained at military checkpoints who were never seen again and reports that the army delivered unidentified bodies to coroners.
Egypt's Defence Minister Abdel Fatah al-Sissi denied the accusations, calling them a betrayal.
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