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Hosni Mubarak: "I have not committed any such crimes"
Egypt's ex-President Hosni Mubarak has denied charges of corruption and ordering the killing of protesters, on the opening day of his trial in Cairo.
He was wheeled on a hospital bed into a cage in court to the astonishment of onlookers outside, correspondents say.The 83 year old is being tried with his sons, who also deny charges against them, ex-Interior Minister Habib al-Adly and six other former officials.
Mr Mubarak was forced from office by mass demonstrations in February.
The charge of ordering the killing of protesters carries the death penalty.
Some 3,000 soldiers and police have been drafted in to maintain order at the police academy for the trial.
It was originally going to be held in a Cairo convention centre but the authorities moved the venue to a temporary courtroom set up inside the academy because of security concerns.
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But it's not clear who gave the orders, or whether there are written or spoken commands that can be proved.
It wasn't done by uniformed officers in full sight, but by gunmen operating at night time from the rooftops of buildings. Pinning that command responsibility on Mr Mubarak is quite a difficult prospect.
Analysis
The main charge Hosni Mubarak is facing is the killing of protesters - and that's going to be hard to prove. It is clear that around 850 protesters were killed, and probably by some sort of government agents.But it's not clear who gave the orders, or whether there are written or spoken commands that can be proved.
It wasn't done by uniformed officers in full sight, but by gunmen operating at night time from the rooftops of buildings. Pinning that command responsibility on Mr Mubarak is quite a difficult prospect.
An estimated 600 people are thought to be watching the proceedings in and outside the courtroom, with millions more watching on television.
'Calm' Up until the last moment there was doubt whether Mr Mubarak would actually appear in the court, say correspondents. His defence team claim he is seriously ill and there was speculation they might negotiate for him to remain in the hospital wing of the police academy while the proceedings took place in the courtroom.
But Mr Mubarak was wheeled into the cage from where he observed proceedings with the other defendants, including his two sons Alaa and Gamal.
Judge Ahmed Rifaat opened the session by asking for order, saying "the civilised Egyptian people require calm... to make sure that the mission of the court is carried out fully so we can please God almighty and our consciences".
Despite that, the court session was at times unruly, with lawyers jostling and clamouring to be heard by the judge.
The charges against the Mubaraks were read out, and Hosni Mubarak and his sons each denied them.
"Yes, I am here," the former president said, raising his hand slightly when the judge asked him to identify himself and enter a plea. "I deny all these accusations completely."
Earlier, defence lawyers said they needed a delay to proceedings to consider 4,000 pages of evidence. There has been speculation that the case will be adjourned, although the judge has been previously quoted as vowing that the trial would proceed speedily.
Judge Rifaat is a respected jurist seen as independent of the former regime, says state newspaper al-Ahram.
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The BBC's Jon Leyne reports on clashes near the building where the trial is taking place
There was amazement and silence from the people gathered outside as they watched a screen broadcasting proceedings, our correspondent says.
"I am delighted that I see them in a cage. I feel that my son's soul is finally starting to be at rest and that his blood will cool," Saeeda Hassan Abdul Raouf, the mother of a 22-year-old protester who was among those killed in the uprising, told the Associated Press outside the trial venue.
Earlier, scuffles broke out between hundreds of supporters and opponents of the ex-president, with hundreds of white-clad police and riot police with shields and helmets intervening to separate demonstrators hurling stones and bottles at each other.
Sceptical Mr Mubarak was flown to Cairo from hospital in the coastal resort town of Sharm el-Sheikh, where he had been detained and receiving treatment since April for a heart condition.
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The charges
- Hosni Mubarak: Conspiring in killing of protesters (15 years in prison or death penalty); abusing power to amass wealth (5-15 years)
- Alaa and Gamal Mubarak: abusing power to amass wealth (5-15 years)
- Former Interior Minister Habib al-Adly and six aides: Conspiring in killing of protesters (15 years or death penalty)
- Hussein Salem, business tycoon and Mubarak confidant: tried in absentia for corruption (5-15 years in prison)
The former Egyptian leader resigned on 11 February, after 18 days of protests in Cairo's Tahrir Square, in which some 850 people were killed.
Mr Mubarak's lawyer insists the former president is seriously ill. Our correspondent says many Egyptians are sceptical about this.Over the past month there have been renewed sit-in protests in Tahrir Square by people angry with the slow pace of change in the country.
Among their demands to the military council in charge has been the call for speedier trial for former regime officials.
On Monday and Tuesday, police backed by army troops moved in to clear the last few protesters from square.
The former Interior Minister, Mr Adly, has already been sentenced to 12 years in jail for money-laundering and profiteering.
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